I – Regular verbs: s + v + ed *negative: s + did not + v (inf) Ex: I arrived *neg: I did not arrive.
II – irregular verbs: s + v(list) *negative: s + did not + v (inf) Ex: I spoke *neg: I did not speak.
Did not = didn’t
"wh" questions except Who Wh + did + s + v(inf) + ?
Past continuous: (not finished actions in past, used with: while, all the day, as soon as, when…….)
s + (was/were) + v + ing * negative: s + (was/were) + not + v+ ing
Was not = wasn’t ; were not = weren’t
"wh" questions Wh + (was/were) + s + v + ing ?
Present perfect: (past actions continue in present, used with: for, since, already, just…..)
s + (have/has) + past participle (v) *neg: s + (have/has) + not + past participle (v)
Ex: It has rained since Friday *neg: It has not rained since Friday.
Has not = hasn’t ; have not = haven’t
"wh" questions Wh + (have/has) + s + past participle (v) +?
Present simple: (Daily routine actions, used with: always, often, every, sometimes, usually, never)
I – ( I, they, we, you ): s + v(inf) *negative : s + do + not Ex : we go *neg: we do not go.
II – (she, he, it): s + v + s most of verbs * s + does + not +v(inf); Ex: he eats – he does not eat
es verbs ending (o, sh, ch, s, x) ; Ex: she goes *neg: she does not go.
ies y after consonant ; Ex: it tries *neg: it does not try.
Do not = don’t ; does not = doesn’t
"wh" questions except Who Wh + (do / does) + s + v(inf) + ?
Present continuous: (not finished actions in present, used with: now, at this moment …)
s + (am/is/are) + v + ing * negative: s + (am/is/are) + not + v+ ing
is not = isn’t ; are not = aren’t
"wh" questions Wh + (am/is/are) + s + v + ing + ?
Simple future: (future actions, used with adv. tomorrow, next …….
s + (will /shall) + v(inf) *negative: s + (will /shall) + not + v(inf) Ex: I ‘ll leave *neg: I will not leave.
Will not = won’t ; I will = I’ll
"wh" questions Wh + (will/shall) + s + v + ?
* Sometimes we use "going to" to express intentions: Ex: I’m going to visit Ghardia next summer.
We can join simultaneous actions using past continuous using: while, as, when,
We can join not finished action (p.con) with a finished action (p.sim) using: while, as, when, suddenly
We were having lunch while it was raining out. / he was watching the news when his father came.
Expressing ability:(I know to do something): s +(can/could)+ v(inf) *neg: s +(can/could)+not+ v(inf)
Ex : when I was 3 years, I couldn’t run fat but now I can do it. Could not = couldn’t, can not=can’t
Expressing obligation /necessity: s + must + v(inf) *neg: s + must + not + v(inf) must not=mustn’t
Sana is ill. She must stay in bed.
Expressing (possibility/permission/suggestions) : s + (may/might)+v(inf)
*neg: …(may/might) + not + v(inf) ex : He might be right he might not be right
Conditional type 1: We use the first conditional to talk about things that are possible in the future.
If + verb in present simple…, …(will/will not) Ex: if it rains, I will stay at home
It contains the if clause and the result
Conditional type 2: We use the second conditional to talk about the present, and to image something, totally different from the real situation now or in the future. If +…verb in past simple,…would/wouldn’t
Ex: if I knew the answer, I would tell you.
Comparison form: We use it to compare two things.
1 – Short adjectives: ….(to be) + adj + er + than +……English is easier than French. (adj : easy )
2 – Long adjectives: …(to be) + more+ adj + than +… She is more nervous than me. (adj. nervous)
3 – Irregular adjectives: …(to be) + better/worse/further + than +…
Good better than , bad worse than , far further than
Superlative form: We use it to compare one thing with its category/type.
1 – Short adjectives: ….(to be) + the + adj + est + ……Sudan is the largest country in Africa. (large)
2 – Long adjectives: …(to be) + the + most + adj + … lion is the most dangerous animal(dangerous)
3 – Irregular adjectives: …(to be) + the + best/worst/ furthest +…
Good the best , bad the worst , far the furthest
To be Past simple Present simple Simple future To do Past s Present s. future
I am was will/shall be I do did will/shall do
He is was will be He does did will do
She is was will be She does did will do
It is was will be It does did will do
They are were will be They do did will do
We are were will/shall be We do did will do
You are were will be You do did will do
To have Past simple Present simple Simple future
I have had will/shall have
He has had will have
She has had will have
It has had will have
They have had will have
We have had will/shall have
You have had will have
Regular plurals:
Noun + s ( most of nouns) Ex: book books, girl girls
Noun + es (noun ends with: o, s, sh, ch, x) Ex: box boxes, bus buses, brush brushes….
Nouns + ies (noun ends with y after consonant) Ex: city cities , country countries….
Nouns + ves ( noun ends with f /fe) wolf wolves wife wives ……
Irregular plurals:
Manmen, womanwomen, childchildren, Footfeet, teethtooth, ox oxen, mousemice
Fish fish, people people,
id3oli binaja7 nchlh bmo3del kbir
